Aguilar, E. 2005. Changes in precipitation and temperature extremes in Central America and northern
South America, 1961–2003. Journal Geophysic Research. 110, D23107.doi:10.1029/2005JD006119.
Aguilar, E., Aziz Barry, A., Brunet, M., Ekang, L., Fernandes, A., Massoukina, M., and ThambaUmba, O.
2009. Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in western central Africa, Guinea Conakry,
and Zimbabwe, 1955–2006. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 114(D2).
Alexander, L.V., Zhang, X.B., Peterson, T.C., Caesar, J., Gleason, B., Klein Tank, A., Haylock, M.,
Collins, D., Trewin, B., and Rahimzadeh, F. 2006. Global observed changes in daily climate extremes
of temperature and precipitation. Journal of Geophysic Research Atmospheric, 111, D05109.
Alijani, B. 2007. Time series analysis of daily rainfall variability and extreme events. 10th International
Meeting on Statistical Climatology, Beijing, China.
Alijani, B. 2011. Spatial analysis of daily temperatures and precipitation extremes in Iran, Applied
Research in Geographical Sciences, 20, 9-30 (In Persian).
Asakere, H., Torkarani, F., and Soltani, S. 2013. Temporal and spatial Characteristics of daily
precipitation extremes in North West Iran, Iran-Water Resources Research, 8(3), 39-53 (In Persian).
Asgari, A., Rahimzadeh, F., Mohammadian, N., and Fattahi, E. 2008. Trend Analysis of extreme
precipitation indices over Iran, Iran-Water Resources Research, 3(3), 42-55 (In Persian).
M.R. Azizzadeh, Kh. Javan / Environmental Resources Research 6, 1 (2018) 37
BabaiFini, O., Ghasemi, E., and Fattahi, E. 2014. Effect of climate change on the trends of Extreme
Precipitation Indices in Iran, Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazarts, 3, 85-103 (In
Persian).
Boccolari, M., and Malmusi, S. 2013. Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes observed in
Modena, Italy. Atmospheric Research, 122, 16–31.
Caesar, J., Alexander, L.V., Trewin, B., Tse‐ring, K., Sorany, L., Vuniyayawa, V., Keosavang, N.,
Shimana, A., Htay, M.M., Karmacharya, J., Jayasinghearachchi, D.A., Sakkamart, J., Soares, E.,
Hung, L.T., Thuong, L.T., Hue, C.T., Dung, N.T.T., Hung, P.V., Cuong, H.D., Cuong, N.M.,
Sirabaha, S. 2011. Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Indo‐Pacific region
from 1971 to 2005. International Journal of Climatology, 31(6), 791-801.
Cannarozzo, M., Noto, L.V., and Viola, F. 2006. Spatial distribution of rainfall trends in Sicily (1921–
2000). Phys. Chem. Earth 31, 1201–1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce. 2006.03.022.
Delju, A.H., Ceylan, A., Piguet, E., and Rebetez, M. 2013. Observed climate variability and change in
Urmia Lake Basin, Iran. Theoretical and applied climatology, 111(1-2), 285-296.
Deng, H., Chen, Y., Shi, X., Li, W., Wang, H., Zhang, S., and Fang, G. 2014. Dynamics of temperature
and precipitation extremes and their spatial variation in the arid region of northwest China.
Atmospheric Research, 138, 346-355.
Deque, M. 2007. Frequency of precipitation and temperature extremes over France in an anthropogenic
scenario: model results and statistical correction according to observed values. Global Planet Chang,
57 (1), 16–26.
Fathian, F., Morid, S., and Kahya, E. 2015. Identification of trends in hydrological and climatic variables
in Urmia Lake basin, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 119(3-4), 443-464.
Fu, G.B., Viney, N.R., Charles, S.P., and Liu, J. 2010. Long-term temporal variation of extreme rainfall
events in Australia: 1910–2006. J. Hydrometeorol, 11(4), 950–965.
Fu, G.B., Yu, J.J., Yu, X.B., Ouyang, R.L., Zhang, Y.C., Wang, P., Liu, W.B., and Min, L.L. 2013.
Temporal variation of extreme rainfall events in China, 1961–2009. Journal of Hydrology, 487, 48–
59.
Goswami, B.N., Venugopal, V., Sengupta, D., Madhusoodanan, M., and Xavier, P.K. 2006. Increasing
trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science, 314, 1442–1445.
IPCC, 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University,
Cambridge, UK.
IPCC, 2012. Summary for Policymakers. In: Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J.,
Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.-K., Allen, S.K., Tignor, M., Midgley, P.M.
(Eds.), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, USA (A Special Report of
Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).
Kampata, J.M., Parida, B.P., and Moalafhi, D.B. 2008. Trend analysis of rainfall in the headstreams of the
Zambezi River Basin in Zambia. Phys. Chem. Earth 33 (8–13), 621–625. http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.012.
Kendall, M.G. 1962. Rank correlation methods. 3rd ed. Hafner Publishing Company, New York.
Klein Tank, A.M.G., Peterson, T.C., Quadir, D.A., Dorji, S., Zou, X., Tang, H., Santhosh, K., Joshi, U.R.,
Jaswal, A.K., Kolli, R.K., Sikder, A.B., Deshpande, N.R., Revadekar, J.V., Yeleuova, K.,
Vandasheva, S., Faleyeva, M., Gomboluudev, P., Budhathoki, K.P., Hussain, A., Afzaal, M.,
Chandrapala, L., Anvar, H., Amanmurad, D., Asanova, V.S., Jones, P.D., New, M.G., and
Spektorman, T. 2006. Changes in daily temperature and precipitation extremes in central and south
Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (D16). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006316.
Lana, X., Martínez, M.D., Serra, C., and Burgueno, A. 2004. Spatial and temporal variability of the daily
rainfall regime in Catalonia (Northeastern Spain), 1950–2000. International Journal of Climatology,
24(5), 613-641.
Li, Z., Zheng, F.L., Liu, W.Z., and Flanagan, D.C. 2010. Spatial distribution and temporal trends of
extreme temperature and precipitation events on the Loess Plateau of China during 1961–2007. Quat.
Int. 226 (1–2), 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03. 003.
Liu, W., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Wang, B., Li, F., and Che, Y.J. 2013. Changes in precipitation extremes
over Shaanxi Province, northwestern China, during 1960e2011. Quaternary International, 313-314,
118-129.
Mann, H.B., 1945. Non–parametric tests again trend. Econometrical, 13, 245–259.
38 M.R. Azizzadeh, Kh. Javan / Environmental Resources Research 6, 1 (2018)
Marofi, S., Sohrabi M.M., Mohammadi K., Sabziparvar, A.A., and Zare-Abyaneh, H. 2011. Investigation
of meteorological extreme events over coastal regions of Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,
103, 401–412. doi:10.1007/s00704-010-0298-3.
Modarres, R., and Silva, V.P.R. 2007. Rainfall trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Journal of
Arid Environments, 70, 344–355.
Molanejad, M., Soltani, M., and RanjbarSaadatAbadi, A. 2014. Changes in precipitation extremes in
climate variability over northwest Iran, International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research,
2(10), 334-345
Montazeri, M. 2009. Spatial and Temporal analysis of daily precipitation extremes in Iran, Geography
and Environmental Planning, 2, 125-140 (In Persian).
Masoudian, A., and Darand, M. 2012. Identify and evaluate changes in Extreme Precipitation Indices in
Iran in recent decades, Geography and Regional Development, 20, 239-257 (In Persian).
New, M., et al., 2006. Evidence of trends in daily climate extremes over Southern and West Africa.
Journal Geophysic Research, 111, D14102. Doi: 10.1029/2005JD006289.
Partal, T., and Kahya, E. 2006. Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data. Hydrological Processes, 20,
2011–2026.
Penalba, O.C., and Robledo, F.A. 2010. Spatial and temporal variability of the frequency of extreme daily
rainfall regime in the La Plata Basin during the 20th century. Climatology Change, 98 (3–4): 531–
550.
Roordeh, H., Yousefi, Y., Masoumpoor Samakoosh, J., and Feizi, V. 2014. Temporal and spatial
variability of precipitation extremes in Iran, Geography and Environmental Planning, 2, 25-36 (In
Persian).
Salmi, T., Maatta, A., Anttila, P., Ruoho-Airola, T., and Amnell, T. 2002. Detecting trends of annual
values of atmospheric pollutants by the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimates – the excel
template application MAKESENS. Ilmatieteenlaitos, Meteorologiska Institute, Finnish
Meteorological Institute.
Sen, P.K. 1968. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. Journal of the American
Statistical Association, 63 (324), 1379–1389.
Sohrabi, M.M., Marofi, S., and Ababaei, B. 2009. Investigation of temperature and precipitation indices
by using RClimDex and R software in Semnan province., International Conference on Water
Resources, 16–18 August, pp. 341–348.
Some'e, B.S., Ezani, A., and Tabari, H. 2012. Spatiotemporal trends and change point of precipitation in
Iran. Atmospheric research, 113, 1-12.
Song, X., Song, S., Sun, W., Mu, X., Wang, S., Li, J., and Li, Y. 2015. Recent changes in extreme
precipitation and drought over the Songhua River Basin, China, during 1960–2013. Atmospheric
Research, 157, 137-152.
Su, B.D., Gemmer, M., and Jiang, T. 2008. Spatial and temporal variation of extreme precipitation over
the Yangtze River Basin. Quat. Int. 186 (1), 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.quaint.2007.09.001.
Tabari, H., and Talaee, P.H. 2011. Temporal variability of precipitation over Iran: 1966–2005. Journal of
Hydrology, 396(3), 313-320.
Taghavi F. 2010. Linkage between Climate Change and Extreme Events in Iran, Journal of the Earth &
Space Physics, 36, (2) 33-43.
Vincent, L.A., and Mekis, E. 2006. Changes in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices
for Canada over the twentieth century. Atmosphere-Ocean, 44(2), 177-193.
Vincent, L.A., Aguilar, E., Saindou, M., Hassane, A.F., Jumaux, G., Roy, D., Booneeady, P., Virasami,
R., Randriamarolaza, L.Y.A., Faniriantsoa, F.R., Amelie, V., Seeward, H., and Montfraix, B. 2011.
Observed trends in indices of daily and extreme temperature and precipitation for the countries of the
western Indian Ocean, 1961-2008. Journal of Geophysical Research 116, D10. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1029/ 2010 JD015303.
Wang, X.L., and Feng, Y. 2013. RHtestsV4 User Manual. Climate Research Division, Atmospheric
Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada. 28 pp.
Wang, B.L., Zhang, M.J., Wei, J.L., Wang, S.J., Li, S.S., Ma, Q., Li, X.F., and Pan, S.K. 2013. Change in
extreme events of temperature and precipitation over Xinjiang, Northwest China, during 1960-2009.
Quaternary International, 298 (17), 141-151.
Wu, C., Huang, G., Yu, H., Chen, Z., and Ma, J. 2014. Spatial and temporal distributions of trends in
climate extremes of the Feilaixia catchment in the upstream area of the Beijiang River Basin, South
China. International Journal of Climatology, 34(11), 3161-3178.
M.R. Azizzadeh, Kh. Javan / Environmental Resources Research 6, 1 (2018) 39
Yan, G., Qi, F., Wei, L., Aigang, L., Yu, W., Jing, Y., and Qianqian, M. 2015. Changes of daily climate
extremes in Loess Plateau during 1960–2013. Quaternary International, 371, 5-21.
You, Q.L., Kang, S.C., Aguilar, E., and Yan, Y.P. 2008. Changes in daily climate extremes in the eastern
and central Tibetan Plateau during 1961–2005. Journal of Geophysics Research. 113, D07101.
You, Q., Kang, S.C., Aguilar, E., Pepin, N., Flügel, Wolfgang-Albert, Yan, Y.P., Xu, Y.W., Zhang, Y.J.,
and Huang, J. 2010. Changes in daily climate extremes in China and their connection to the large scale
atmospheric circulation during 1961–2003. Climate Dynamic. doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0735-0
You, Q., Kang, S.C., Aguilar, E., Pepin,N., Flügel,W., Yan, Y.P., Xu, Y.W., Zhang, Y.J., and Huang, J.
2011. Changes in daily climate extremes in China and their connection to the large scale atmospheric
circulation during 1961–2003. Climate Dynamic, 36 (11–12), 2399–2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-009-0735-0.s
Zhai, P., and Pan, X. 2003. Trends in temperature extremes during 1951–1999 in China, Geophysical
Research Letters, 30(17), 1913. DOI:10.1029/2003GL018004.
Zhang, X.B., Vincent, L.A., Hogg, W.D., and Niitsoo, A. 2000. Temperature and precipitation trends in
Canada during the 20th century. Atmospheric Ocean, 38 (3), 395–429.
Zhang, X.B., Aguilar, E., Sensoy, S., Melkonyan, H., Tagiyeva, U., Ahmed, N., Kutaladze, N.,
Rahimzadeh, F., Taghipour, A., Hantosh, T.H., Albert, P., Semawi, H., Ali, M.K., Al-Shabibi,
M.H.,S., Al-Oulan, Z., Zatari, T., Khelet, I.A.D., Hamoud, S., Sagir, R., Demircan, M., Eken, M.,
Adiguze, M., Alexander, L., Peterson, T.C., and Wallis, T. 2005. Trends in Middle East climate
extreme indices from 1950 to 2003. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D22104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD 006181.
Zhang, X. and Feng, Y. 2004. RClimDex (1.0) User guide. Climate Research Branch Environment
Canada.
Zhang, X., Alexander, L., Hegerl, G.C., Jones, P., Tank, A.K., Peterson, T.C., Trewin, B., and Zwiers,
F.W. 2011. Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation
data. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change, 2, 851–870. DOI:10.1002/wcc.147.
)
