Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Environmental Resources Research 2783-4832 13 1 2025 07 01 Investigating litter production of shrub and grass species in semi-arid rangeland using structural equation model 49 59 7373 10.22069/ijerr.2025.22922.1453 EN Azam Khosravi Mashizi Associate Professor, Department of Ecological Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran Mohsen Sharafatmandrad Associate Professor, Departments of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran Esfandiyar Jahantab Associate Professor, Departments of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran Journal Article 2024 10 28 Litter is the main source of energy which provides nutrients as absorbable form for vegetation. The reaction of plant species to the amount of litter is different. This study aimed to measure litter production and soil carbon of four species (Artemisa aucheri Boiss, Astergalus gossipinus fisch, Stipa barbata Desf. and Hyparrhenia hirta(L.) Stapf) under litter treatments (Removing and adding). Four litter treatments (0%, 50 %, 100% and 200% litter) were applied in 20 plots for each species, and then plots are marked. Litter quantity, litter qualify and soil carbon and moisture were measure in fall season. Four species are significantly different in terms of the litter quantity and qualify. Response of litter production of four species to add and remove litter was different. For all three species, soil carbon were significantly reduced with the removal of litter and increased significantly with the increase of litter (p<0.05). Structural equation model indicated that litter removal was the most important driver of litter production directly (p<0.01). Litter removal had a significant effect on litter production indirectly through the effect on soil moisture (P<0.05). The addition of litter also had a significant effect on litter production indirectly through the effect on soil carbon (p<0.05). The findings of this study indicate the importance of maintaining litter (at least 50 %) for the next year's litter production of plants, which should be considered in the sustainable management of rangelands. https://ijerr.gau.ac.ir/article_7373_8acc3d244de1ca12026e1413c2b9cddb.pdf